{"id":1358,"date":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/dpph-method\/"},"modified":"2020-11-23T19:01:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-23T19:01:44","slug":"metodo-dpph","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/metodo-dpph\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9todo DPPH"},"content":{"rendered":"

DA\u00d1OS CELULARES Y ROS<\/h2>\n

Los da\u00f1os celulares son inducidos por las Especies Reactivas de Ox\u00edgeno (ROS). Las ROS son radicales libres, aniones reactivos que contienen \u00e1tomos de ox\u00edgeno o mol\u00e9culas de ox\u00edgeno capaces de generar radicales libres. Algunos ejemplos son el radical hidroxilo, el super\u00f3xido y el per\u00f3xido de hidr\u00f3geno.<\/p>\n

La principal fuente de SRO in vivo es la respiraci\u00f3n aer\u00f3bica, pero los SRO tambi\u00e9n se producen durante la beta-oxidaci\u00f3n de los \u00e1cidos grasos, en el metabolismo de los compuestos xenobi\u00f3ticos a trav\u00e9s del citocromo P450, en la estimulaci\u00f3n de la fagocitosis de los pat\u00f3genos o los lipopolisac\u00e1ridos, etc. El ROS y el estr\u00e9s oxidativo en general est\u00e1n involucrados en algunas condiciones cr\u00f3nicas como el Alzheimer y la enfermedad de Parkinson, el c\u00e1ncer y el envejecimiento.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

EL RADICAL SUPER\u00d3XIDO<\/h2>\n

Partiendo de una mol\u00e9cula de O2 y a\u00f1adiendo un electr\u00f3n al orbital externo el producto de reducci\u00f3n del ox\u00edgeno molecular: el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido (O2.- ). Se produce durante la fosforilaci\u00f3n oxidativa, por las enzimas (es decir, la xantina oxidasa) y los leucocitos. Debido a su toxicidad, todos los organismos aer\u00f3bicos desarrollaron diferentes isoformas de la enzima antagonista: la super\u00f3xido dismutasa (SOD). La SOD es una enzima muy eficiente capaz de combinar el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido con dos H+ catalizando la reacci\u00f3n de dismutaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de un cofactor basado en el metal que produce H2O2 y O2 como productos finales. Si no se inactiva adecuada y r\u00e1pidamente el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido puede crear da\u00f1os en los l\u00edpidos de las membranas, las prote\u00ednas y el ADN.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

INACTIVACI\u00d3N ENZIM\u00c1TICA DEL SUPER\u00d3XIDO<\/h2>\n

En condiciones normales, en nuestro cuerpo, los ROS se inactivan a trav\u00e9s de enzimas como la super\u00f3xido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutati\u00f3n peroxidasa (GPx). La SOD es una enzima clave capaz de inactivar el radical super\u00f3xido, una de las especies de radicales m\u00e1s reactivas y por lo tanto m\u00e1s peligrosas.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LA ENZIMA SUPER\u00d3XIDO DISMUTASA<\/h2>\n

Para reducir los efectos nocivos de la SRO, las c\u00e9lulas han desarrollado diferentes estrategias defensivas que incluyen sistemas enzim\u00e1ticos y no enzim\u00e1ticos. Teniendo en cuenta las enzimas antioxidantes, algunas de ellas est\u00e1n desempe\u00f1ando un papel preventivo eliminando directamente el ROS. Entre estas enzimas la super\u00f3xido dismutasa es la primera l\u00ednea de defensa que elimina el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido, el primer y m\u00e1s reactivo radical derivado del ox\u00edgeno molecular. Por lo tanto, la SOD es uno de los principales sistemas de defensa antioxidante presente en casi todas las c\u00e9lulas expuestas al ox\u00edgeno. La reacci\u00f3n catalizada por la SOD es una dismutaci\u00f3n con una cin\u00e9tica de segundo orden basada en las siguientes reacciones medias:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u00e9todo DPPH<\/h2>\n

La capacidad antirradical se ha evaluado mediante el m\u00e9todo DPPH. La muestra se coloca en una soluci\u00f3n concentrada de un radical libre est\u00e1ndar (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrac\u00edlo) y su concentraci\u00f3n se mide mediante espectrofotometr\u00eda para evaluar la capacidad del fitocomplejo para sofocar los radicales. Superox-D tiene una gran capacidad antirradical debido a los mecanismos de enfriamiento.<\/p>\n

16 veces m\u00e1s antirradicales que el mel\u00f3n<\/p>\n

37 veces m\u00e1s antirradicales en comparaci\u00f3n con la SOD del mel\u00f3n<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

REFERENCIAS<\/h3>\n

Doddigarla Z Correlation of serum chromium, zinc, magnesium and SOD levels with HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A cross sectional analysis. Diabet metab Syndrom. 2016 Jan-Mar;10(1 Suppl 1):S126-9. doi: 10.1.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, et al. Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defences and protects against oxidative stress. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):957-62.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Cucumis melo LC. extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Sep;94(1):67-75.<\/p>\n

Muth CM, Glenz Y, Klaus M, et al. Influence of an orally effective SOD on hyperbaric oxygen-related cell damage. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):927-32.<\/p>\n

Barouki R. Ageing free radicals and cellular stress. Med Sci (Paris). 2006 Mar;22(3):266-72.<\/p>\n

Faraci FM, Didion SP. Vascular protection: superoxide dismutase isoforms in the vessel wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Aug;24(8):1367-73.<\/p>\n

Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, Harrison DG. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Aug 1;55(2):239-49.<\/p>\n

Petersen SV, Oury TD, Ostergaard L, et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) binds to type i collagen and protects against oxidative fragmentation. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13705-10.<\/p>\n

Maier CM, Chan PH. Role of superoxide dismutases in oxidative damage and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroscientist. 2002 Aug;8(4):323-34.<\/p>\n

Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Oury TD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase in biology and medicine. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Aug 1;35(3):236-56.<\/p>\n

Chung JM. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in persistent pain. Mol Interv. 2004 Oct;4(5):248-50.<\/p>\n

Bae SC, Kim SJ, Sung MK. Inadequate antioxidant nutrient intake and altered plasma antioxidant status of rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Aug;22(4):311-5.<\/p>\n

Zawadzka-Bartczak E. Activities of red blood cell anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD, GPx) and total anti-oxidative capacity of serum (TAS) in men with coronary atherosclerosis and in healthy pilots. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Sep;11(9):CR440-4.<\/p>\n

Gow A, Ischiropoulos H. Super-SOD: superoxide dismutase chimera fights off inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):L915-6.<\/p>\n

Flohe L. Superoxide dismutase for therapeutic use: clinical experience, dead ends and hopes. Mol Cell Biochem. 1988 Dec;84(2):123-31.<\/p>\n

Carlo MD, Jr., Loeser RF. Increased oxidative stress with aging reduces chondrocyte survival: correlation with intracellular glutathione levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Dec;48(12):3419-30.<\/p>\n

Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, et al. Aging and oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):5-16.<\/p>\n

Vina J, Lloret A, Orti R, Alonso D. Molecular bases of the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with antioxidants: prevention of oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):117-23.<\/p>\n

Okada F, Shionoya H, Kobayashi M, et al. Prevention of inflammation-mediated acquisition of metastatic properties of benign mouse fibrosarcoma cells by administration of an orally available SOD. Br J Cancer. 2006 Mar 27;94(6):854-62.<\/p>\n

Benedetti S, Lamorgese A, Piersantelli M, Pagliarani S, Benvenuti F, Canestrari F. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients undergoing prolonged exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Clin Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):312-7.<\/p>\n

Dennog C, Radermacher P, Barnett YA, Speit G. Antioxidant status in humans after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):83-9.<\/p>\n

Levin ED. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) quenches free radicals and attenuates age-related cognitive decline: opportunities for novel drug development in aging. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005 Apr;2(2):191-6. R<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DA\u00d1OS CELULARES Y ROS Los da\u00f1os celulares son inducidos por las Especies Reactivas de Ox\u00edgeno (ROS). Las ROS son radicales libres, aniones reactivos que contienen \u00e1tomos de ox\u00edgeno o mol\u00e9culas de ox\u00edgeno capaces de generar radicales libres. Algunos ejemplos son el radical hidroxilo, el super\u00f3xido y el per\u00f3xido de hidr\u00f3geno. La principal fuente de SRO […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1114,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-es"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1358"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1363,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358\/revisions\/1363"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phnova.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}